Tuesday, February 11, 2014

Do you owe the alternative minimum tax?

Bill Bischoff for MarketWatch writes: Remember back when you were young and poor and nothing made you madder than tales of rich people who paid nothing in income taxes? Well, you weren’t alone, and that anger led to the creation of something called the alternative minimum tax, which was designed to keep the rich from living tax-free.


Fast-forward a few years. You’re a bit older, somewhat better off and paying far more in taxes than you ever thought possible. So what’s the last thing you expect to see when you fill out your tax return? That you owe the alternative minimum tax. You can take some solace in the fact that thousands of taxpayers just like you have been snagged by this nasty bit of tax law in recent years. While only 19,000 people owed the AMT in 1970, millions are paying it now.
What happened? Inflation, mostly. While the “regular” tax brackets, exemptions and standard deductions were adjusted annually for inflation, the AMT brackets and exemptions were not, so many people whose income increased entered the dreaded AMT zone. Especially vulnerable are people with income over $75,000 and some large deductions, but not the exotic ones that were originally targeted by the AMT’s creators. Most vulnerable are taxpayers with several children, interest deductions from second mortgages, capital gains, high state and local taxes, and incentive stock options.
Thankfully, the AMT brackets and exemptions are adjusted for inflation for 2013 and beyond, which will cause fewer folks to be exposed to the tax.
How the Tax Works
The best way to understand the AMT is to view it as a separate tax system. It has its own set of rates and its own rules for deductions, which usually are less generous than the regular rules. Because of these confusing rules, the only ways you can tell if you owe the tax are by filling out the forms (essentially doing your taxes a second time) or by being audited by the Internal Revenue Service. If it turns out you should have paid the AMT but didn’t, you will owe the back taxes plus any interest or penalty that the IRS decides to dole out.
You should definitely run the numbers if your gross income is above $75,000 and you have write-offs for personal exemptions, taxes and home-equity loan interest. Ditto if you exercised incentive stock options during the year, or if you own a business, rental properties, partnership interests or S corporation stock. If you earn more than $100,000, run the numbers for that reason alone.
That means filling out Form 6251. In effect, you are simply adding back some tax deductions and income exclusions to your regular taxable income to arrive at your alternative minimum taxable income. Here is where the middle class gets soaked. First you have to add back your personal- and dependent-exemption deductions ($3,900 each in 2013), then your standard deduction if you don’t itemize ($12,200 for joint filers in 2013; $6,100 for singles in 2013). You also lose your state, local and foreign income and property-tax write-offs, as well as your home-equity loan interest, if the loan proceeds are not used for home improvements.
The AMT also ignores some itemized deductions, such as investment expenses and employee business expenses, and some medical and dental expenses. It also counts as income the interest from some private-activity bonds, a type of tax-exempt bond issued by governments, usually to finance sports stadiums and the like. Finally, AMT rules force you to pay taxes on the “spread” between the market price and the exercise price of incentive stock options granted by your employer. For example, if you exercised an option to buy 100 shares of stock for $3 a share and the stock was trading at $10, the spread would be $7 a share, or $700. Under the regular rules, you wouldn’t pay current taxes on that amount, but under the AMT, it’s considered income.
Don’t give up hope. You do get a few small breaks under AMT rules that you wouldn’t see under the regular tax rules. For example, while you can’t deduct state, local and foreign taxes under AMT rules, you can deduct the refunds, which are considered income under the regular tax rules. And because you’re taxed on the spread on your incentive stock options, your tax basis for the shares you bought is higher under the AMT, meaning your tax bill will be lower when you sell the shares.
The AMT form has quite a few other pluses and minuses, but you can probably ignore them unless you own a business, rental properties or interests in partnerships or S corporations. If you do, you may need a tax pro to prepare at least the Form 6251 part of your return.
Finally, you get to deduct the AMT exemption -- $80,800 for 2013 joint filers; $51,900 for unmarried persons; $40,400 for those who use married filing separate status. However, this exemption is reduced by 25 cents for each dollar of AMT taxable income above the applicable annual threshold. For 2013, the thresholds are $153,900 for married joint-filing couples, $115,400 for singles, and $76,950 for folks who use married filing separate status.
After the exemption (if any) has been deducted, the result is subject to the AMT rates: (1) 26% on the first $179,500 for 2013 or $89,750 for if you are married and file separately from your spouse and (2) 28% on the excess. If the AMT exceeds your regular tax, you have to pay the greater amount. Technically, the AMT is just the liability over and above the regular tax, and this figure is entered on page 2 of Form 1040.
Sorry, you’re not finished yet. People get pushed into the AMT zone for different reasons, and some are actually better than others. That’s because you could be eligible for the so-called minimum tax credit, which allows you to claim a credit on your tax return in future years for some or all of the extra taxes you paid under AMT rules. So you have to fill out another document, Form 8801, to determine if you are eligible. For whatever reason, the tax rules say that exercising incentive stock options is one of the few things that qualifies you for the credit, so if that’s the reason you ended up paying the AMT, pay special attention to this form. 

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